The Von Economo Neurons: a comparative and developmental study

Von Economo Neurons (VENs), first described in 1925, hold particular interest for neuroanatomists. These cells are only found in the brains of humans and great apes and occur more abundantly in the human than in the great ape brain. VENs develop over a protracted time course and do not achieve adult numbers in humans until 4 years of age. Recently, a renewed interest in the specialized characteristics of VENs has suggested that these cells are integral to the evolution and development of complex cognitive functions, possibly related to social interactions. Autopsy evidence suggests that VEN abnormalities occur in individuals with diseases such as Autism.

The available information indicates that a richer understanding of the VENs might advance our understanding of human neuronal and cognitive specialization. It is also important to determine if VEN dysfunction is contributing to diseases like Autism. The limited availability of brain tissue for study and the painstaking nature of anatomical research means there has not been a systematic evaluation of VENs either comparatively or developmentally. What is needed, and this collaborative will address, is a dedicated and comprehensive effort, using modern histochemical, anatomical, and genetic methods, to characterize the Von Economo Neurons.